Stress: The Forgotten Gravitational Force

The fundamental physical concept of shear stress, which governs fluid dynamics, is applied to the classical gravitational results of Newton and of Einstein, and leads naturally to an understanding of the origin of light in the Universe, through the existence of black holes. In this paper, we show how this occurs through an adjunct force of gravity normal to the Newtonian force of gravity, in which the turbulent fluctuations in velocity attain the velocity of light in a ring surrounding the black hole. The existence of this turbulent shear stress has previously been neglected.