Developmental and Cytogenetic Toxicity of 3D Printing Material on Sea Urchin (Arbacia lixula)

In this study the ecotoxicity of 3D printing material [polylactic acid (PLA) investigated with marine echinoderm; sea urchin Arbacia lixula. To achieve this goal, (i) fertilization success, spermiyotoxicity and embriyotoxicity exposed to PLA concentrations (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g/L) were assessed for 72 h. For this purpose, our study is important to make comprehensive evaluations to ensure the safety of bioplastic formulations and to take measures to regulate the use of additives. At the same time, the additive used to increase the durability of bioplastic materials will also allow us to understand the long-term effects on ecosystems, wildlife and human health. Our aim is to minimize possible harm and ensure that the overall environmental impact of bioplastics remains positive.